20. november 2018 | Opdateret/Gennemlæst 26. september 2022
De aktuelle tal for antibiotikafølsomhed er hentet via Veterinært Laboratorium, Kjellerups database. Data omfatter antibiotikafølsomhed i de oftest isolerede grisebakterier:
Data omfatter bakterier, som er isoleret fra 1. januar 2014 og er opgjort pr. halvår.
Antibiotikafølsomhed er opgjort på baggrund af fuldt følsomme isolater (F) og moderat følsomme (I) isolater jf. internationale guidelines fra EUCAST
Tabel 1. Antibiotikafølsomhed, hæmolytiske E. coli isolater fra tarmkanalen
|
År-Halvår |
2014-1 |
2014-2 |
2015-1 |
2015-2 |
2016-1 |
2016-2 |
2017-1 |
2017-2 |
2018-1 |
2018-2 |
2019-1 |
2019-2 |
2020-1 |
2020-2 |
2021-1 |
2021-2 |
|
Ampicillin |
55.4% |
56.1% |
56.0% |
45.4% |
46.9% |
41.4% |
45.3% |
48.0% |
51.7% |
33.6% |
36.2% |
39.0% |
39.8% |
37.1% |
35.3% |
31.4% |
|
Apramycin |
91.3% |
88.4% |
93.3% |
90.8% |
88.3% |
89.5% |
93.8% |
88.6% |
93.1% |
84.6% |
90.6% |
84.6% |
87.0% |
86.6% |
90.6% |
88.2% |
|
Amoxicillin+Clavulanat |
98.4% |
99.4% |
98.7% |
95.1% |
96.3% |
95.7% |
95.3% |
95.9% |
97.2% |
97.9% |
97.1% |
95.1% |
93.2% |
94.8% |
95.0% |
95.1% |
|
Ceftiofur |
97.8% |
100.0% |
99.3% |
99.5% |
99.4% |
98.8% |
98.4% |
99.2% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
99.2% |
99.4% |
100.0% |
99.3% |
100% |
|
Ciprofloxacin |
100.0% |
100.0% |
99.3% |
100.0% |
97.5% |
98.8% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
99.3% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
99.2% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
99% |
|
Colistin |
97.3% |
100.0% |
97.3% |
97.8% |
98.8% |
97.5% |
97.7% |
100.0% |
99.3% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
98.1% |
100.0% |
99.3% |
99% |
|
Florfenicol |
95.7% |
95.1% |
92.7% |
95.7% |
87.0% |
93.2% |
89.1% |
91.1% |
86.9% |
88.8% |
87.7% |
91.9% |
83.2% |
84.5% |
81.3% |
75.5% |
|
Gentamicin |
90.8% |
89.6% |
92.7% |
91.9% |
92.0% |
93.2% |
95.3% |
92.7% |
93.1% |
83.9% |
93.5% |
87.8% |
85.7% |
84.5% |
92.8% |
85.3% |
|
Neomycin |
88.6% |
90.9% |
91.3% |
88.6% |
95.1% |
91.4% |
93.8% |
82.9% |
87.6% |
82.5% |
81.9% |
78.0% |
75.2% |
74.2% |
77.0% |
71.6% |
|
Sulphamethoxazol |
32.1% |
31.1% |
38.0% |
30.8% |
35.2% |
26.5% |
31.3% |
33.3% |
41.4% |
32.2% |
21.7% |
27.6% |
31.7% |
32.0% |
25.9% |
48.0% |
|
Spectinomycin |
50.5% |
46.3% |
52.7% |
53.0% |
55.6% |
43.8% |
49.2% |
50.4% |
54.5% |
55.2% |
49.3% |
49.6% |
46.6% |
43.3% |
44.6% |
25.5% |
|
Streptomycin |
28.3% |
27.4% |
30.7% |
25.9% |
34.0% |
25.3% |
28.1% |
26.8% |
33.8% |
21.7% |
19.6% |
26.0% |
23.0% |
26.8% |
22.3% |
28.4% |
|
Tetracyklin |
32.1% |
27.4% |
36.0% |
32.4% |
37.0% |
23.5% |
38.3% |
42.3% |
42.1% |
35.0% |
30.4% |
32.5% |
34.8% |
41.2% |
44.6% |
40.2% |
|
Trimethoprim |
56.5% |
51.8% |
52.7% |
52.4% |
54.3% |
43.8% |
40.6% |
46.3% |
51.7% |
42.0% |
44.9% |
41.5% |
42.9% |
48.5% |
45.3% |
47.1% |
|
Antal isolater |
184 |
164 |
150 |
185 |
162 |
162 |
128 |
123 |
145 |
143 |
138 |
123 |
161 |
97 |
139 |
102 |
Tabel 2. Antibiotikafølsomhed, Streptococcus suis isolater
|
År-Halvår |
2014-1 |
2014-2 |
2015-1 |
2015-2 |
2016-1 |
2016-2 |
2017-1 |
2017-2 |
2018-1 |
2018-2 |
2019-1 |
2019-2 |
2020-1 |
2020-2 |
2021-1 |
2021-2 |
|
Ciprofloxacin |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
97.8% |
95.2% |
98.9% |
98.2% |
98.5% |
97.8% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
98.6% |
100.0% |
98.9% |
100% |
|
Erythromycin |
43.8% |
41.2% |
43.5% |
45.2% |
52.8% |
40.3% |
55.3% |
45.6% |
53.8% |
47.8% |
35.7% |
42.9% |
41.7% |
49.2% |
42.4% |
38.6% |
|
Florfenicol |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
98.4% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
98.8% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100% |
|
Cefoxitin (Ceftiofur) |
95.8% |
90.2% |
84.1% |
75.8% |
77.5% |
80.6% |
80.9% |
77.2% |
89.2% |
76.1% |
83.3% |
90.5% |
84.7% |
84.1% |
79.3% |
93.0% |
|
Penicillin |
100.0% |
96.1% |
98.6% |
96.8% |
96.6% |
95.2% |
97.9% |
96.5% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
96.4% |
98.4% |
100.0% |
96.8% |
95.7% |
100% |
|
Sulfamethoxazol |
100.0% |
84.3% |
81.2% |
83.9% |
34.8% |
19.4% |
20.2% |
15.8% |
30.8% |
28.3% |
14.3% |
14.3% |
22.2% |
14.3% |
21.7% |
17.5% |
|
Spectinomycin |
81.3% |
70.6% |
79.7% |
87.1% |
71.9% |
75.8% |
73.4% |
75.4% |
84.6% |
82.6% |
75.0% |
69.8% |
69.4% |
81.0% |
64.1% |
71.9% |
|
Streptomycin |
60.4% |
45.1% |
50.7% |
50.0% |
56.2% |
64.5% |
53.2% |
52.6% |
61.5% |
67.4% |
61.9% |
65.1% |
58.3% |
57.1% |
53.3% |
57.9% |
|
Sulphamethoxazol + Trimethoprim |
100.0% |
98.0% |
98.6% |
100.0% |
93.3% |
93.5% |
92.6% |
89.5% |
96.9% |
95.7% |
95.2% |
98.4% |
98.6% |
96.8% |
95.7% |
100% |
|
Tetracyklin |
29.2% |
19.6% |
27.5% |
24.2% |
29.2% |
21.0% |
22.3% |
29.8% |
26.2% |
30.4% |
27.4% |
36.5% |
33.3% |
22.2% |
24.4% |
15.8% |
|
Tiamulin |
89.6% |
82.4% |
84.1% |
88.7% |
74.2% |
75.8% |
74.5% |
78.9% |
89.2% |
87.0% |
85.7% |
82.5% |
73.6% |
82.5% |
71.7% |
86.0% |
|
Trimethoprim |
89.6% |
94.1% |
91.3% |
95.2% |
88.8% |
93.5% |
90.3% |
89.5% |
95.4% |
93.5% |
92.9% |
90.5% |
98.6% |
93.7% |
92.4% |
98.3% |
|
Antal isolater |
48 |
51 |
69 |
62 |
89 |
62 |
94 |
57 |
65 |
46 |
84 |
63 |
72 |
63 |
92 |
57 |
Tabel 3. Antibiotikafølsomhed, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolater
|
År-Halvår |
2014-1 |
2014-2 |
2015-1 |
2015-2 |
2016-1 |
2016-2 |
2017-1 |
2017-2 |
2018-1 |
2018-2 |
2019-1 |
2019-2 |
2020-1 |
2020-2 |
2021-1 |
2021-2 |
|
Ampicillin |
100.0% |
99.4% |
100.0% |
99.1% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
98.8% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
97.9% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
98.1% |
100.0% |
|
Ciprofloxacin |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
|
Erythromycin |
0.0% |
2.6% |
2.3% |
2.8% |
2.9% |
8.9% |
0.0% |
0.0% |
0.0% |
0.0% |
0.0% |
0.0% |
0.0% |
0.0% |
0.0% |
0.0% |
|
Florfenicol |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
|
Penicillin |
100.0% |
99.3% |
100.0% |
99.1% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
98.8% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
97.9% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
98.1% |
100.0% |
|
Spectinomycin |
100.0% |
99.4% |
98.5% |
99.1% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
|
Sulphamethoxazol + Trimethoprim |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
|
Tetracyklin |
95.3% |
95.5% |
97.7% |
97.2% |
99.0% |
100.0% |
97.5% |
96.2% |
96.4% |
97.8% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
97.3% |
98.5% |
95.1% |
98.2% |
|
Tiamulin |
98.8% |
99.4% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
97.8% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
97.3% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
|
Tilmicosin |
100.0% |
100.0% |
99.2% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
|
Tulathromycin |
100.0% |
43.5% |
12.2% |
57.8% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
96.2% |
92.7% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
98.6% |
98.5% |
99.0% |
100.0% |
|
Ceftiofur |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
100.0% |
|
Antal isolater |
86 |
154 |
131 |
109 |
103 |
56 |
80 |
53 |
55 |
46 |
67 |
48 |
74 |
65 |
103 |
56 |
For at sikre et rationelt forbrug og en effektiv antibiotikabehandling er det nødvendigt at kende til antibiotikafølsomheden i de sygdomsfremkaldende grisebakterier. Antibiotikafølsomhed udtrykker et givent antibiotikums evne til hæmme bakterievækst. Jo lavere antibiotikafølsomhed des højere er resistensen over for det givne antibiotikum.
På laboratoriet bliver antibiotikafølsomhed målt ved Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ~ mindste hæmmende koncentration (MIC). Jo lavere en MIC-værdi er, jo mere følsom er den undersøgte bakterie for et givent antibiotikum. Da der ofte er forskel på resistensforhold mellem besætningerne, er det vigtigt at lave resistensbestemmelse i de enkelte besætninger.
En undersøgelse af bakteriernes MIC-værdi (resistensbestemmelse) kan tage tre arbejdsdage. Indtil laboratoriesvaret foreligger, må man vælge antibiotikum ud fra en erfaring om, hvad der plejer at være effektivt ved den pågældende sygdom.
Antibiotikafølsomhed (MIC=mindste hæmmende koncentration) bliver på Veterinært Laboratorium Kjellerup bestemt ved hjælp af bouillon-mikrofortyndings-metoden i 96-brønds mikrotiterplader (=MIC-panel) ved anvendelse af Sensititre-systemet (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA), som beskrevet i standardmanual fra Instituttet for kliniske og laboratorie-standarder (CLSI). Det er denne metode, som er brugt til at lave følsomhedsbestemmelse på bakterierne inkluderet i denne opgørelse.
For at vurdere et bakterie-isolats følsomhed over for et givent antibiotikum bliver den målte MIC-værdi fortolket i forhold til et breakpoint. Hvis MIC-værdien er over det fastsatte breakpoint, anses bakterie-isolatet som værende resistent. Hvis MIC-værdien derimod er under det fastsatte breakpoint, anses bakterie-isolatet som værende følsomt.
I appendiks 1 kan ses tabeller over de anvendte typer af antibiotika, testintervaller og breakpoints for hæmolytiske E. coli, Streptococcus suis, og Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, der bruges på Veterinært Laboratorium, Kjellerup.
Tabeller over anvendte typer antibiotika, test-intervaller og breakpoints fra juli 2022.
|
E.coli |
||
|
Antibiotika |
Test-interval (µg/ml) |
Breakpoint |
|
Amoxicillin |
2-64 |
R≥4 |
|
Amoxicillin+Clavulanat |
2-64 | R≥4/2 |
|
Apramycin |
2-64 |
R≥16 |
|
Cefpodoxine |
0.25-2 |
R≥1 |
|
Cefquinom |
0.06-1 |
R≥0.5 |
|
Colistin |
0.5-8 |
R≥4 |
|
Doxycyclin |
1-32 |
R≥8 |
| Enrofloxacin | 0.015-0.05 | R≥0.25 |
| Florfenicol | 2-64 | R≥16 (I=8) |
|
Gentamicin |
0.5-16 |
R≥4 |
|
Neomycin |
2-64 |
R≥16 |
| Paromomycin | 1-64 | R≥16 |
|
Spectinomycin |
16-512 |
R≥128 |
|
Streptomycin |
8-128 |
R≥32 |
|
Tetracyklin |
2-64 |
R≥16 |
|
Trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazol |
0.06-8 |
R≥1/19 |
|
Streptococcus suis |
||
|
Antibiotika |
Test-interval (µg/ml) |
Klinisk breakpoint |
|
Amoxicillin |
0.06-2 |
R≥0.25 |
|
Amoxicillin/clavulansyre (2:1) |
0.03-1 |
R≥0.25/0.125 |
|
Cefoxitin |
2-16 |
R≥8 |
| Doxycyklin | 0.125-4 | R≥1 |
| Enrofloxacin | 0.125-2 | R≥2 (I=1) |
|
Florfenicol |
1-16 |
R≥8 (I=4) |
| Gamithromycin | 0.25-8 | R≥0.5 |
| Lincomycin | 0.25-16 | R≥8 |
| Lincomycin/spectinomucin (1:8) | 1-8 | R≥8/64 |
| Oxytetracyklin | 0.25-8 | R≥2 (I=1) |
|
Penicillin |
0.06-2 |
R≥1 (I=0.5) |
|
Streptomycin |
4-64 |
R≥32 |
|
Tiamulin |
1-32 |
R≥16 |
|
Tildipirosin |
4-64 |
Tolkes ikke |
|
Tilmicosin |
2-64 |
R≥32 |
|
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (1:19) |
0.1252 |
R≥1/19 |
|
Tylosin |
0.5-16 |
R≥4 |
|
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae |
||
|
Antibiotika |
Test-interval (µg/ml) |
Klinisk breakpoint |
|
Amoxicillin |
0.25-8 |
R≥2 (I=1) |
|
Ceftiofur |
0.03-8 |
R≥8 (I=4) |
|
Doxycyklin |
0.25-16 |
R≥4 |
|
Enrofloxacin |
0.06-2 |
R≥0.25 |
|
Florfenicol |
0.5-16 |
R≥8 (I=4) |
| Garmithromycin | 1-32 | R≥8 |
| Lincomycin/spectinomycin (1:8) | 1-16 | R≥16/128 |
| Oxytetracyklin | 0.5-16 | R≥2 |
|
Penicillin |
0.0125-4 |
R≥2 |
|
Streptomycin |
4-64 |
Ukendt |
|
Tiamulin |
4-64 |
R≥32 |
| Tildipirosin | 1-32 | R≥32 |
|
Tilmicosin |
2-64 |
R≥32 |
| Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol (1:19) | 0.03-4 | R≥0.25/4.75 |
|
Tulathromycin |
1-128 |
R≥128 |
Tabeller over anvendte typer antibiotika, test-intervaller og breakpoints før 2022.
"I" angiver moderat følsom, dvs. bakterien kan behandles med det pågældende stof, men man skal måske anvende højere dosis eller et kortere behandlingsinterval end sædvanligt.
| E.coli | |||
| Antibiotika | Test-interval (µg/mL) | Breakpoint | Ændringer |
| Ampicillin | 1-32 | ≥32 (I=16) | |
| Apramycin | 4-32 | ≥16 | |
| Amoxicillin+Clavulanat | 2/1-32/16 | ≥32/16 (I=16/8) | |
| Ceftiofur | 0.5-8 | ≥8 (I=4) | |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.015-4 | ≥4 (I=2) | |
| Colistin | 1-16 | ≥4 | Ændret fra R≥16 i maj 2019 |
| Florfenicol | 2-64 | ≥16 (I=8) | Ændret fra R≥32 og I=16 i juli 2021 |
| Gentamicin | 0.5-32 | ≥16 (I=8) | |
| Neomycin | 2-32 | ≥16 (I=8) | |
| Spectinomycin | 16-256 | ≥128 | |
| Streptomycin | 8-128 | ≥32 (I=16) | |
| Sulphamethoxazol | 64-1024 | ≥512 | |
| Tetracyklin | 2-32 | ≥16 (I=8) | |
| Trimethoprim | 1-32 | ≥4 | Ændret fra ≥16 i juli 2021 |
| Streptococcus suis | |||
| Antibiotika | Test-interval (µg/mL) | Breakpoint | Ændringer |
| Cefoxitin (Ceftiofur) | 0.5-32 | ≥8 | |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.12-8 | ≥4 (I=2) | |
| Erythromycin | 0.25-16 | ≥1 (I=0.5) | |
| Florfenicol | 1-64 | ≥32 (I=16) | |
| Penicillin | 0.06-16 | ≥1 (I=0.5) | Ændret fra ≥4 (I=0.25-2) i juli 2021 |
| Spectinomycin | 16-256 | ≥128 | |
| Streptomycin | 4-64 | ≥32 (I=16) | |
| Sulfamethoxazol | 32-512 | ≥512 | |
| Sulfamethoxazol + Trimethoprim | 0.25-16 | ≥4 | |
| Tetracyklin | 0.5-32 | ≥2 (I=0.5-1) | Ændret fra ≥8 (I=4) i juli 2021 |
| Tiamulin | 0.25-32 | ≥32 (I=8-16) | |
| Trimethoprim | 0.5-32 | ≥16 | |
| Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae | |||
| Antibiotika | Test-interval (µg/mL) | Breakpoint | Ændringer |
| Ampicillin | 0.5-8 | ≥2 (I=1) | Ændret fra ≥4 (I=2) i juli 2021 |
| Ceftiofur | 0.03-8 | ≥8 (I=4) | |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.12-4 | ≥2 | |
| Erythromycin | 0.12-4 | ≥1 (I=0.5) | |
| Florfenicol | 0.12-16 | ≥8 (I=4) | Ændret fra ≥8 i juli 2021 |
| Penicillin | 0.015-8 | ≥4 | |
| Spectinomycin | 8-256 | ≥128 (I=64) | |
| Sulfamethoxazol + Trimethoprim | 0.03-8 | ≥4 (I=1-2) | |
| Tetracyklin | 0.06-16 | ≥2 (I=1) | Ændret fra ≥8 (I=4) i juli 2021 |
| Tiamulin | 1-32 | ≥32 | |
| Tilmicosin | 0.5-64 | ≥32 (I=16) | |
| Tulathromycin | 0.03-32 | ≥16 | |
Printet er fra Svineproduktion.dk. d. 9-02-2023
Ophavsretten tilhører SEGES. Informationerne fra denne hjemmeside må anvendes i anden sammenhæng med kildeangivelse.
Ansvar: Informationerne på denne side er af generel karakter og søger ikke at løse individuelle eller konkrete rådgivningsbehov. SEGES er således i intet tilfælde ansvarlig for tab, direkte såvel som indirekte, som brugere måtte lide ved at anvende de indlagte informationer.
Artiklen findes på adressen: svineproduktion.dk/Services/Laboratoriet/Gris/Resistens_opgoerelser